Changing role of nurse

The issues related to nursing involve a thorough examination of nursing as theory and practice. The role of the nurse practitioner especially in areas of clinical decision making and management could be studied in the contexts of obstetrics and gynaecological department or even emergency wards. The emphasis of most studies is on reflective practice using Gibbs (1988) model of treatment and reflection. The need to follow clinical guidelines as given by NICE or NHS have been emphasised in several studies especially highlighting the importance of personal cleanliness and hygiene in infection control. The role of informed consent and clinical decision making in case of pregnancy with family history of mental health problems suggest the central role of the challenges in the decision making process (Papers4you.com, 2006). The need for counselling and holistic care of patients have been emphasised in clinical practice. The role of the nurse and the importance of proper knowledge of clinical guidelines, NHS directives and adequate medical training suggest the crucial responsibility of the nurse who plays varied roles from that of physician to hospital manager. The studies show the varied approaches to nursing as in case of a depressed patient, the emphasis is on counseling and psychological support whereas in case of treating a patient with high blood pressure or multiple injuries after accident, reflective practice on immediate measures followed would be more important, suggesting a focus on patient centered outcomes (Bowcutt, et al 2006). Clinical management is closely related to leadership theories and it is important for the nurse to develop adequate leadership skills to effectively perform clinical duties (Booth and Davies, 1991). The differences between the role of the health visitor, nurse and midwife in general practice have been studied. Social and healthcare policy and guidelines on clinical governance suggest a multidisciplinary collaborative working approach for effective clinical management (Papers4you.com, 2006). Collaborative teamwork, holistic psychosocial treatment and proper allocation of clinical resources are some of the issues that are very important within intensive care units and for care of emergency patients. The ethical and legal responsibilities of a nurse practitioner and the medical team in general are largely guided by not just clinical guidelines set by the Department of Health but also by a team of dedicated health professionals within the clinical setting.

The issues discussed in the field of nursing include clinical governance, collaborative teamwork, the role of the clinical nurse practitioner, the importance of reflective practice, Gibbs (1988) Model, clinical management and decision making, ethical and legal issues in clinical care and holistic approach to treatment.

Bibliography

Booth J, Davies C. (1991) The management of change on a nursing development unit. Nurs Pract.;4(2):12-5.

Bowcutt M, Wall J, Goolsby MJ. (2006) The clinical nurse leader: promoting patient-centered outcomes. Nurs Adm Q. Apr-Jun;30(2):156-61.

Gibbs, G. 1988. Learning by doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. London: Further Education Unit.

Papers For You (2006) "P/N/89. Medical nurse: characteristics, requirements, guidelines", Available from http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/sprtothers15.htm [22/06/2006]

Papers For You (2006) "C/N/42. Portfolio of the nurse. Caring for patients suffering from depression. What is the nurses responsibility?", Available from Papers4you.com [21/06/2006]

PMS Is Very Treatable

Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) is a very real condition often dismissed by unfeeling partners as just "the time of the month." Not only is PMS a genuine medical condition, it is a genuinely treatable condition using natural vitamin and herbal nutritional supplements.

Doctors (those that take PMS seriously) sometimes offer the following treatments:

1. hormone treatment

2. psychotherapy and anti-depressant medications (for emotional symptoms)

3. ibuprofen, aspirin or other pain reliever for menstrual cramps.

Some of these treatments, such as hormone therapy, can sometimes actually worsen PMS, and only relieves physical symptoms anyway. In addition, anti-depressants can cause debilitating side-effects far outweighing the original symptoms of PMS! However there is a natural way: vitamin and herbal nutritional supplements for the treatment of PMS.

Top Ten Nutritional Supplements for PMS

The following ten vitamin and herbal nutritional supplements are commonly used to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of PMS:

1. Calcium: Many reliable studies show this helps PMS.

2. Magnesium: A deficiency of this essential mineral may be a cause of PMS. Taking this in nutritional supplements reduces cramps.

3. Vitamin B6: This nutritional supplement is thought to help balance hormones, reduce bloating, and help the body retain magnesium.

4. Vitamin E: Helps breast pain, as well as headache, insomnia and emotional symptoms.

5. Ginkgo Biloba: This nutritional supplement helps breast symptoms, as well as emotional symptoms.

6. Flaxseed Oil: Used for breast tenderness and other PMS symptoms.

7. Evening Primrose Oil: Used similarly to flaxseed oil.

8. Licorice: (Glycyrrhiza glabra): May help prevent water retention by balancing hormones; used in herbal formulas to balance the action of other herbs.

9. Vitamin A: This vitamin balances hormones and reduces PMS symptoms.

10. Iron: Deficiency of this may cause excess menstruation. Taking it as a nutritional supplement helps control menstrual blood loss and treat iron-deficiency anemia caused by excess menstruation.

The most common of these nutritional supplements are calcium, magnesium, and Vitamins B6 and E; a good formula will include all of these.

In addition these five herbs are sometimes taken as nutritional supplements for PMS, though they should not be taken during pregnancy:

1. Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa). This herb helps balance hormones, calm the nerves.

2. Chasteberry (Vitex abnus). Can help breast tenderness and emotional symptoms.

3. Wild Yam Root (Dioscorea villosa or dioscorea opposita). Taken as a nutritional supplement, it balances hormones and was an original source of contraceptives.

4. Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis). This herb has been used for centuries in China for premenstrual cramps, as well as a variety of menstrual symptoms. (Don't take during menses.)

5. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). This nutritional supplement is for cramps and headache.

Holistic Treatment for PMS

Besides nutritional supplements or Western-style PMS treatments, lifestyle changes recommended for PMS are:

1. daily exercise

2. avoid caffeine

3. avoid alcohol

4. healthy diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains

5. soy in the form of soymilk, tofu, edamame or tempeh for its phytoestrogenic effect (avoid soy powder)

6. reduced sugar intake as well as meat and dairy

7. plenty of rest, especially at crucial times during the menstrual cycle when symptoms are worsening

8. drink 8 glasses of water a day

There is a wide variety of safe, natural treatments that are tried and true for PMS. Whether you try nutritional supplements or some other approach, you can soon feel much better!

Diagnosis Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids have been diagnosed for decades, but the disease is misunderstood greatly. This is because most people don't fully understand the area and the diseases that are associated with it. Over ten million people in the United States have been diagnosed with hemorrhoids. Almost a third of them seek medical treatment. The rate of serious hemorrhoids has gone done since its peak in the mid-70's. Many people who get hemorrhoids are around 45-65 years in age.

Many things are associated with hemorrhoids like ulcers and Crohn disease. Many women who get hemorrhoids get it because of their pregnancy, although it is undetermined why pregnant women get hemorrhoids. Believe it or not, hemorrhoids are present in healthy individuals; they are present in everyone. The only thing is that when they swell or enlarge they can become quite discomforting and painful. It is when the vascular cushions become enlarged, inflamed, or protruding when they are called hemorrhoids.

Some of the causes for hemorrhoids include your diet. For people who have a high fiber diet, they may get hemorrhoids because of the frequency of passings. Pregnancy is another cause, but it could be the extra pressure from the added body weight. Prolonged sitting on a toilet can also be the cause for hemorrhoids. Aging also causes hemorrhoids because the tissue inside the rectum begins to deteriorate. The weakening of the tissue can start as early as thirty. Straining and constipation has also been known to be a cause for hemorrhoids.

Symptoms are divided into external and internal. Internal does not cause pain, but external can cause discomfort, pain, and bleeding. Protruding hemorrhoids can be itchy and bleed. They require medical attention because they are so uncomfortable. Internal hemorrhoids will cause discomfort and will make a person feel pressure around the abdomen and anus.

The pain you may feel from internal hemorrhoids is caused by a spasm in the sphincter. Internal hemorrhoids are mostly painless and have bleeding with bowel movements. When the hemorrhoid puts pressure on the hemorrhoid veins, they tend to break and blood will appear. Internal hemorrhoids can also produce mucus that will keep the area moist and cause the anus to itch, although this is not common.

Most hemorrhoids will only be treated if they cause any discomfort or pain. They will heal, but it may cause some scarring, depending on how serious your condition is. For external hemorrhoids, you may have an extra deposit of skin that will be permanent. If you feel any discomfort or pain, you should seek medical attention and consult your physician. Everyone has hemorrhoids; it's just a matter of how serious. You may need to consult your doctor if your hemorrhoids seem to be enlarged or blood is located in your stool.

Breast Pump Glossary and Breastfeeding Terms

2-PHASE EXPRESSION
A feature on some breast pumps by Medela (Symphony, Pump In Style Advanced-- not Original-- and the new Swing), that starts the cycling fast with less suction then after two minutes switches to slower cycling with more vacuum strength to imitate the sucking patterns of infants. A special let-down button can be pressed once to go instantly to the second mode. The manual breast pump Harmony is also said to have 2-phase. The first phase is initiated by squeezing the short part of the handle, with the longer, stronger strokes of the second phase coming from switching the hand around to squeeze the long part of the handle.

AREOLA
The dark circular area around the nipple. It is important during breast feeding for the baby to latch on with as much areola in his or her mouth as possible.

BABY SCALE
For mothers concerned about low milk supply a baby scale is a tool to verify baby's weight gain and also the amount of breast milk received in any given nursing. By weighing the baby before and after nursing and doing a little subtraction, one can determine the number of ounces the baby nursed from the breast. Since a nursing baby is usually more efficient than any breast pump, this method is preferred to breast pumping for determining how much milk the baby may be getting. For these purposes a baby scale accurate to 15 grams or less may be rented from many breast pump rental stations.

BATTERY PACK, BATTERIES
In a breast pump, batteries give cordless convenience but vacuum strength and cycles per minute may be less than the user will find when using the AC adapter. Also pump cycling may slow as the batteries wear down. Slower cycles may cause some discomfort because the vacuum will be held longer on the breast. If this happens, reduce the vacuum and replace the batteries with fresh ones as soon as possible.

BREAST PADS
Absorbent material of cloth of paper inserted in the bra between nursings to absorb milk leaks. They may be disposable or washable, but a healthy pad should allow for good airflow to the nipple. Plastic liners are discouraged or only for occasional use.

BREAST PUMP
A device that expresses milk from the breast. A misconception is that the breast pump suctions milk out of the breast. A breast pump's job is to trigger the milk-ejection response or let-down. Most pumps achieve this goal by using suction to pull the nipple into the tunnel of the breast shield or flange then release, which counts as one cycle. Thirty to sixty cycles per minute can be expected with better quality electric breast pumps. It is important to note that in most cases the breast pump is not as efficient at removing milk from the breast as the nursing baby. Many mothers find their milk supply dwindling when they substitute too many pumpings for actual nursing sessions with their baby.

BREAST PUMP REVIEWS
Opinions by actual users of the breast pumps. Two good places to find some reviews on the internet are Amazon and Epinions.

BREAST SHELLS
Rounded pieces of plastic worn inside the bra. Shells come with two types of backs; the one with the larger hole is meant for treatment of sore nipples. The back with the small hole, which fits close to the nipple base, is meant for treating inverted nipples.

BREAST SHIELDS, FLANGES, FUNNELS
The part of the breast pump that actually touches the breast, covering the nipple and areola area. Medela breast shields fit almost all their pumps and come in sizes 21 mm, 23 mm, 27 mm, 30 mm, 36 mm, and 40 mm. Ameda uses different combinations of flanges and inserts to accommodate nipples in sizes 21 mm, 23 mm, 25 mm, 28.5 mm, 30.5 mm to fit all of their pumps but the Nurture III. See also SOFTFIT, FLEXISHIELD and LET-DOWN MASSAGE CUSHIONS.

CLOSED SYSTEM
Breast pumps designed for multiple users, such as hospital grade rental pumps. There is no possibility of breast milk entering the pump motor. Although the Avent Isis IQ breast pumps are said to be closed system, Avent still recommends their pumps to be single user.

COLOSTRUM
The substance produced in the breasts during the final weeks of pregnancy. This "first milk" is highly concentrated in nutrition ideal for the newborn. It has been likened to an "antibodies cocktail." Colostrum has a laxative effect on the baby, helping him pass his early stools, which aids in the excretion of excess bilirubin and helps prevent jaundice. With frequent nursings of 10 to 12 times a day, a mother's regular breast milk will begin to appear or "come in" around day 3 or 4 after birth.

CYCLING
The suck and release pattern created by a breast pump to simulate what a nursing baby does.

CPM
cycles per minute. See CYCLING.

DOUBLE PUMPING
Pumping both breasts simultaneously. Research with pre-term infants has shown double pumping can increase a mother's milk supply, reduce expression time (yes, even cutting times in half) and produce higher levels of prolactin, the hormone that stimulates milk production after birth.

ENGORGEMENT
Any time an insufficient amount of milk has been removed from the lactating breast it may cause this painful condition. The engorgement that occurs when a mother's milk first "comes in" is a little less understood, since swelling of the breast tissues themselves can be a contributing factor. There are many treatments, one of which is to use a breast pump briefly to soften the areola area so that the baby will be able to latch on easier.

FUNNEL COVERS
The lid-like covers that snap over the funnel or breast shield of an Avent breast pump. The advantage of a cover is to keep the insides of the funnel and milk container clean and in ready-to-use condition.

FLEXISHIELD AREOLA MASSAGER
A breast shield accessory that can be purchased separately and used with Ameda breast pumps. The Flexishield is designed to compress the areola area, helping to stimulate a let-down reflex. It is especially useful for smaller-breasted women who may benefit from the added stimulation.

HOSPITAL GRADE BREAST PUMPS
This group of pumps have a stronger vacuum strength than any other breast pumps and are the most suited to establishing and maintaining a milk supply in a mother who will not be breastfeeding her infant for long periods, as in the situation of a premature or sick infant.

HYGIENIKIT
Included with every Ameda breast pump except the Nurture III, this is a milk collection system that includes a special silicone diaphragm filter. This filter works two ways protecting the pump motor from getting contaminants in it and protecting the breast milk bottle from receiving contaminants from the motor. This extra amount of protection is desired for premature or sick infants or any mother desiring extra caution in the cleanliness of the collection of her milk. The use of the Hygienikit does not negate Ameda's recommendation that all their pumps (except the hospital rental pumps) be single user, even though the Hygienikit IS the individual user kit for rental pumps.

LACTATION CONSULTANT
A highly specialized healthcare professional with advanced training in breastfeeding management. Because of the nature of their training, their advice on breastfeeding may be more specific and useful than what a mother will receive from her obstetrician or baby's pediatrician.

LACTATION AID
A device that consists of a container of usually infant formula or banked breast milk and a long but narrow-diameter tube. The tube is inserted into an infant's mouth along with the breast while nursing and provides extra nutrition to the infant while the breast simultaneously receives stimulation to encourage lactation. This also prevents a baby from becoming attached to artificial nipples while enabling a mother time to undertake strategies to shore up a lagging milk supply. Should be used under the advice of a lactation consultant as improper use could diminish milk supply.

LET-DOWN
Also known as the milk ejection response, it occurs when hormones cause muscles within the breast to squeeze and the ducts to widen, pushing the milk from all parts of the breast toward the nipple. Some mothers feel a tingling sensation; others feel nothing. Let-down is partly a conditioned response and can be encouraged while nursing or breast pumping by engaging in routines (i.e. sitting in the same place, drinking from a certain cup), looking at a picture of the baby, thinking of the milk flowing, or taking the mind off of everything about it.

LET-DOWN MASSAGE CUSHIONS
The Avent breast pump shields or flanges are soft silicone and have 5 petal-shaped bumps that move in and out to massage the areola and aid let-down. Available in only one size.

MILK COLLECTION BAGS
Marketed under different trade names, these plastic bags are intended for the collection and storage of breast milk. They bear a resemblance to disposable bottle liners but have the notable difference of being thicker and stronger. For this reason milk collection bags are more suited for freezing breast milk and for using with breast pumps that permit attaching bags in place of bottles. Attaching disposable bottle liners to a breast pump will not permit a sufficient suction to be created for the pump to function properly.

MMHG
Abbreviation for millimeters of mercury and as it relates to breast pumps it means strength of vacuum or suction. Sufficient pressure is needed to stimulate let-down, not to suction the milk from the breasts as is sometimes erroneously believed. Hospital grade breast pumps have the highest mmHg numbers and are the best for establishing a milk supply in mothers who need help in that area because of low supply issues or a hospitalized newborn. After a supply is well-established some users have found that "less is more" and adjusting the suction lower has enabled better let-down. Fortunately most electric pumps have adjustable vacuum strengths.

OPEN SYSTEM
A breast pump designed to be used by a single user. The undesirable possibility exists of breast milk entering the tubing and pump motor when the collection container is overfilled or tilted. See also SINGLE USER.

PARTS TO ASSEMBLE
As defined on the Breast Pump Comparison web pages at http://www.babylovesyourmilk.com/best-personal-electric-breast-pumps.htm , all the breast pump parts that must be assembled or disassembled at each pumping session not including motor, AC adaptor or battery pack, milk containers, lids, stands, extra breast shields, totes.

PARTS TO WASH
As defined on the Breast Pump Comparison web pages referenced above, all the breast pump parts that come in contact with the breast or milk, and therefore must be washed every time the user pumps, not counting the receptacle(s) for the milk and the lid(s).

MILK EJECTION RESPONSE (MER)
see LET-DOWN.

MULTIPLE USER
Hospital grade rental pumps are designed to be multiple user, and rental stations will require the non-refundable and non-returnable purchase of an individual accessory kit for the parts (shields, connectors, tubing) that actually comes in contact with the mother's breast or milk.

PISTON-TYPE MANUAL BREAST PUMP
The pumping action is created with a sliding piston and cylinder and requires the use of two hands.

RENTAL PUMPS
See MULTIPLE USER.

SINGLE BREAST PUMPING
Pumping only one breast at a time. Single pumping is useful for pumping one side while the baby nurses the other. For some mothers the ability to single pump enables them to soothe and hold their baby on one side while pumping the other.

SINGLE USER
Most breast pumps are personal use items intended to be used by one mother only to prevent the transmission of diseases like HIV and hepatitis.

SOFTFIT BREAST SHIELD
The soft, flexible breast shield that massages the breast and areola when breast pumping, manufactured and trademarked by Medela. Can be used with all Medela pumps but the Little Hearts manual breast pump.

STARS
Awarded to breast pumps by actual users on Amazon and Epinions on a five-star scale with five meaning the best. Reading these reviews may be helpful because they often explain specific difficulties with certain breast pumps.

TRIGGER-TYPE MANUAL BREAST PUMP
The pumping action is created with a squeeze handle similar to what one finds on a spray bottle. A one-handed breast pump.

VIA
Avent's sturdy disposable container system for the collection and storage of breast milk. It can be used with all of Avent's breast pumps and some other brands also. The disposable cup bases can be sterilized up to three times and are also suitable for freezing. Bottle nipples in a variety of flows are available to fit the system.

WARRANTY
The warranty for breast pumps should be paid attention to and sales receipts saved. Pumps that get frequent use may wear out before their warranties expire.

Disclaimer: None of the content above should be construed as medical advice and all breastfeeding mothers should strive to educate themselves as much as possible from multiple sources and consult with doctors and lactation specialists as needed.

Notice: This article may be copied "as is" as long as this notice and live links to the http://www.babylovesyourmilk.com website are preserved. Request permission first from webmaster@babylovesyourmilk.com before making changes or additions.

Pregnancy � Foods and other things to Avoid

It is essential that you take care when preparing foods and avoid doing certain things when pregnant. This is due to your baby's immune system not being sufficiently developed to fight any infection you may pass to it whilst within the womb. It is believed that a female's immune system may not function at its peak during pregnancy so it is essential that all necessary precautions are taken

Pets

It is essential that if you have a pet that every time you come into contact with them you wash your hands thoroughly afterwards.Pets can pass on harmful bacteria that may be present in their faeces. You may inadvertently become infected with this by touching your mouth or other part of the body and this may in turn infect your unborn child.

Cats are of particular importance due to toxoplasmosis found within their faeces. If you have a cat that uses a litter tray it is important that someone else carries out this task or if this is not possible then you should wear rubber gloves and a face mask to prevent any bacteria being passed. This also applies to gardening where faecal matter can be found in the soil. Again, wear gloves and wash your hands as soon as possible after finishing.

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite. It can go unnoticed in a healthy adult or even an unborn baby. Once you have this infection you will not become re-infected and will be immune for life.

Listeria

This is a bacteria which develops into an illness called listeriosis. The symptoms of this are mild flu, aches and pains, sore throat and high temperatures. In the more serious of cases this can cause septicaemia and meningitis in unborn babies. This is the worst case scenario. In some cases many people are not aware they have caught the bacteria as they do not show any of the above symptoms. During pregnancy, mothers have to be aware of certain foods where this bacteria may be prevalent.

This is true for after pregnancy aswell especially if you are nursing your child.
The symptoms usually develop from 2 to 30 days after eating contaminated food.


Foods to Avoid

Cheese

Not all cheeses contain the bacteria but there are some which can be potentially harmful to a pregnant mother.
Avoid both pasteurised and unpasteurised soft cheeses which usually have a surface mould or rind such as Brie, Camembert and Danish Blue. Also avoid cheeses coated in wax such as Gouda, Post Salut. It is best to stay clear of the majority of blue cheeses such as Stilton, Gorgonzola and Roquefort. Hard Cheeses such as Cheddar, Parmesan, and Red Leicester fall into the safe category as do softer cheeses made from pasteurised milk such as Cottage cheese, mozzarella, ricotta, processed cheese and cheese spreads. If in doubt play safe and avoid eating it.

Eggs

The salmonella bacteria are most commonly found in eggs. It is best to avoid any foods made with raw or partly cooked eggs such as homemade mayonnaise, meringues, cheesecakes, sorbets or mousses. Eggs are only safe if they have been cooked long enough so that their yolks are hard.Shop-bought mayonnaises are usually safe as long as they have been made with pasteurised eggs. Always check the label if in doubt.

Milk

Avoid all products which have not been pasteurised.
All pasteurised products are safe to use all through pregnancy and beyond.

Meat

Do not eat raw or under cooked meat or poultry. Also avoid meats which have been preserved in nitrates such as salami, frankfurters and luncheon meat. Always cook meat so the juices run clear and there is no �pinkness' or blood within. When touching raw meat and poultry always wash your hands thoroughly before touching any other foods. Liver contains vitamin A in the form of retinol which if taken by a pregnant women can increase
her levels way above the recommended daily level and become damaging to the baby. Liver should be avoided aswell as products containing liver such as pate and liver sausage.

Seafood

Oysters and any raw or uncooked fish should be avoided. Also shelled seafood such as crab, prawns, and langoustines should be avoided unless they have been thoroughly cooked and are hot. Most seafood bought from a fishmonger or supermarket should be safe. Fresh tuna should only be eaten once a month due to the potential levels of mercury found within. This is also true for swordfish and shark. Tinned tuna contains lower levels so this is safe to eat every week.

Salads

All pre pared shop bought salads are best to be avoided. So too are dressed salads such as coleslaw, potato salad and Florida salad. It is best to make your own and ensure that all leaves are thoroughly washed free from soils and other deposits found on the leaves.

Tea and Breastfeeding

Tea is growing in popularity every year. Part of its appeal is its many health benefits, but despite being a healthy beverage it is still a source of caffeine. Compared to coffee, however, the chemical makeup of tea is quite different and many people find it easier to tolerate.

Nevertheless anyone who is sensitive to caffeine should limit their tea intake. This applies especially to pregnant women and nursing mothers because excess amounts of caffeine may harm or irritate their babies.

Caffeine tolerance varies widely but most doctors advise pregnant women to cut back on caffeine. Studies have shown that caffeine passes through the placenta to the unborn child, and there is a possible link between high caffeine intake and miscarriage.

It is certain that high levels of caffeine (three cups of coffee a day or more) should be avoided during pregnancy, but an occasional cup of tea seems to be acceptable. Just be sure to avoid other sources of caffeine such as chocolate, soda, and over-the-counter medication.

After Birth

Nursing mothers who drink tea are giving their babies a dose of caffeine. The highest concentrations of caffeine in breast milk occur about an hour after consumption, so mothers who drink tea should wait until after baby has been fed.

Babies who have been exposed to caffeine during pregnancy appear to tolerate it better, but excess caffeine can make babies restless and irritable. Caffeine is metabolized much more slowly by babies than adults so mothers who drink a lot of tea may find their babies getting more restless as their caffeine levels increase.

Should the nursing mother eliminate tea? It's a personal choice, but it's wise to reduce caffeine intake until your baby is about 6 months.

Herbal Tea

Nursing mothers who are looking for a substitute for their regular tea may find that herbal tea fits the bill. Unlike green tea or black tea, most herbal tea is caffeine-free. It is safe to consume and may even help with milk production. Herbs such as nettle and thistle have traditionally been used to increase breast milk, and herbs like chamomile and motherwort are excellent for relieving stress.

Pregnancy Testing � Signs of Pregnancy that you can watch for

Do you think you're pregnant, but you don't know for sure? Pregnancy testing can provide the answer to your question if you're experiencing signs of pregnancy. A pregnancy test works by measuring the levels of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in your urine. This hormone is first produced once a fertilized egg has implanted in your uterus, which generally occurs about six days following fertilization. The levels of hCG present in your bloodstream will then rapidly rise over the next few weeks at a rate of about twice the amount every two days. Approximately a week after you would normally expect your menstrual cycle to begin, you should be able to detect hCG in your urine with pregnancy testing.
A pregnancy test is very simple to use. Depending on the test you choose, you may need to collect some of your urine in a cup and dip a test strip into the collected urine, or even urinate on a test stick. Additionally, each test displays results differently. Some may indicate a result with a pink or purple line and others may display a plus or minus sign. Most tests will show results within 5 to 10 minutes.
If you receive a negative result from a pregnancy test, this should not be taken to mean that you are not pregnant. If your normal menstrual cycle does not begin within a few days, it is recommended that you take another test or consult a medical professional to confirm whether you are pregnant or not. It may also be possible to obtain a false positive from a test, which can be caused by a "chemical pregnancy", which is a term for a fertilized egg that began producing hCG but then failed to continue developing for some reason. In any case, the best results from a test can be obtained from testing first thing in the morning, to ensure the highest concentration of hCG in your urine.
In addition to pregnancy testing, there are several common signs of pregnancy that can give an additional confirmation of your pregnancy, including:
Your breasts become tender and swollen. This is a result of increased hormone levels.
Fatigue. Progesterone levels rise during pregnancy and changes in your body as it adapts to pregnancy can cause you to feel more tired than normal.
Nausea and/or vomiting. Morning sickness affects most women about a month following conception and usually stops by the end of the second trimester.
Frequent urination. Extra fluids produced by your body presents more of a load for your kidneys to process, as well as the pressure of the growing baby on your bladder.
Heightened sensitivity to odors. You may notice that certain odors can cause you to feel sick or trigger a gag reflex, even if they normally wouldn't do so. This may be caused by increasing levels of estrogen in your body.
If pregnancy testing has returned a positive result and you are experiencing any of the common signs of pregnancy, you should contact your medical professional to confirm that you are pregnant, as well as to arrange necessary prenatal care during your pregnancy.

Miscarriage � Dealing With the Emotional Impact

Miscarriage is the term given to the loss of a baby before it reaches full term. Often, people regard this as bad luck, particularly if it happens in the early weeks of pregnancy. It is difficult for many to fully comprehend the power of a woman's grief upon this loss as few can understand that the bonding process between mother and child began when she became pregnant.

For some reason, society understands the loss of a baby when stillborn but not from miscarriage. The grief associated with the latter appears to be seen as a lesser grief. However, many women suffer the most passionate sorrow they have ever experienced during this time.

Even if the miscarriage occurs early in the pregnancy, the parents feel a deep sense of loss. They have often made that emotional investment in this baby and have rearranged their lives in readiness for this new life.

Loss of Belief

Often, the mother loses her belief in herself and her basic belief of motherhood as she feels she has failed to protect this child, despite looking after herself and remaining as healthy as possible. The miscarriage forces her to realize that she can't guarantee the safety of an unborn child and that things don't always go to plan.

When you set out to become pregnant, or when you find out you are pregnant, the possibility of losing the baby is not even considered. It is thoughts of a beautiful healthy baby that fill your mind and bring great joy.

Taking Time-out from the World

Women cope in different ways with the emotional impact of miscarriage and one of the common coping mechanisms is to shut everyone out of their world. This is done by taking to their bed, ignoring phone calls and visitors and generally just refusing to take an active part in anything outside of their own world.

This is a perfectly normal reaction and is the mind's way of dealing with the emotional overload of the miscarriage. Because miscarriage can occur very quickly, the impact on both mind and body can be profound and thus, the need for this personal space is a necessity. Besides, you need to come to grips with your loss and if that means a need to feel vulnerable and to snuggle up in bed for a while, then that is okay. Everyone deals with loss differently.

Mixture of emotions

The misery following miscarriage is described by many as being more intense and consuming than any other sadness they have experienced. Sadness, however, is not the only emotion that a woman suffers following this loss.

Another major emotion is that of anger, whether directed toward yourself, your partner, or even the baby that you have lost. You may feel angry at other women who are having healthy babies and resent women who have not looked after themselves as well as you have and yet have healthy babies.

What Caused the Miscarriage?

The cause of miscarriage is not known. There may be contributing factors which may be able to be identified but not a causative factor. This may cause women to look for blame in themselves and to feel guilty as a consequence. After all, how can they be sure that it wasn't a result of what they did or did not do? No matter how much they are reassured that it is not their fault, they will often still take on some sense of responsibility for the miscarriage.

Some will become consumed in seeking answers about the cause. Was it genetic, something in the food or water, pollution or anything else? No matter how hard you search, you will never find the answer. There is no answer.


Acknowledge the Grief

The profound grief of a miscarriage can be compared to that of the grief you may feel at the loss of a parent or sibling, yet other people cannot understand this. People need to be aware that the loss is not equated to the length of time the woman was pregnant but to the extent to which she had bonded with that baby.

Her grief cannot be adequately resolved until it is acknowledged by all concerned. Because in the case of miscarriage, few women get to see the baby, there is also no closure, thereby creating another obstacle in the grieving process.

Feeling Inadequate

Having a miscarriage can lead to feelings of inadequacy. Often, the woman believes that she is incapable of successfully doing something so basic as having a child and this can cause a drop in self esteem. If you have already experienced miscarriage in the past, these feelings are multiplied, leading to a fear that you will never experience having a child. This can often lead to feelings of emotional insecurity and frustration.


Coping with the Grief

How a woman copes with miscarriage is governed by her own beliefs and coping mechanisms. Some may take months to recover emotionally while others may take less. This, in part, depends on the meaning the woman had already attached to that baby and the space she had already created in her life for the baby.

In the case of an unplanned pregnancy, there may indeed be a sense of relief from miscarriage though this is not to say that all miscarriages of unplanned pregnancy are less distressing than planned pregnancies.

Most women will grieve acutely for around a month or more before it subsides. This does not mean that it is forgotten or even resolved but is simply less acute. For the first week following miscarriage, it is quite normal to cry all day and to feel that you have no control over your life.

A general rule of thumb is that it takes around six weeks to grieve after a major life event such as miscarriage. This is considered to be the time of greatest need so if you don't expect too much of yourself during that time, you should be able to move on with your life. This, of course, is only a guide to grieving time. If you need longer to recover or if you recover sooner, that is also okay. Grief is always an individual thing!!!



Anne Wolski has worked in the health and welfare industry for more than 30 years. She is a co-director of http://www.magnetic-health-online.com and http://www.betterhealthshoppe.com which are both information portals with many interesting medical articles. She is also an associate of http://www.timzbiz.com which features many articles on internet marketing and resources.

Hypertension

Hypertension is a medical disorder in which the blood pressure is raised to high levels. It is one of the signs that an individual may have a stroke, heart attack, or heart failure. Some patients who have hypertension have been known to have aneurysms as well, and this can lead to serious kidney problems. The level of a person's blood pressure will determine their risk for developing a number of diseases. Because the blood pressure of a patient may vary greatly, a diagnoses for hypertension should not be made unless two or more readings have been taken.

If a person has a blood pressure level that is at 120/80 or 139/89, they are considered to be at a prehypertension level. Prehypertension is not a condition, but is a category which can help identify patients who are greatly at risk for getting hypertension. If a person is suffering from diabetes, a blood pressure level which is higher than 130/80 will put them at risk for developing hypertension. There are a number of factors that will determine the risk of a person getting hypertension. The age is one of the primary factors. Older people have a higher likelihood of developing hypertension compared to those that are young.

Individuals who consume excessive amounts of salt are greatly at risk. People who live a sedentary lifestyle and don't get sufficient amounts of exercise may also have a high risk for getting hypertension. The use of cigarettes or large amounts of alcohol will also play a role in a persons risk. In addition to this, obesity, stress, and saturated fat are important factors as well. The underlying structures that are connected to these factors and hypertension are well understood by doctors and scientists. There are three common causes that most experts believe is connected to hypertension.

The first is the failure of kidneys to get rid of excess sodium. The second is a highly active renin that causes the vasoconstriction of water and sodium. The third cause is believed to be a sympathetic nervous system which is too active, and causes an abnormal amount of stress. Hypertension is a condition that produces virtually not symptoms. Patients who are at an advanced stage of this disorder may have headaches and their vision may be blurred as well. Advanced levels of hypertension can also cause kidney failure,and this is one of the most serious symptoms. When a patient is suffering from renal failure, the term accelerated hypertension will often be used.

While young women don't generally have high levels of blood pressure, many of them will get hypertension while they are pregnant. These women will need to be given medication, as hypertension can lead to a number of complications with their pregnancy. A diagnosis for hypertension will often be made based on the blood pressure levels of the patient. Multiple measurments should be taken, and they will all need to be spaced weeks apart. However, if organ damage has occured, the diagnosis and treatment may need to be made quickly.

Fertility Test: One Effective Way to Ensure Pregnancy

From the early generations up to the contemporary times, infertility is a problem that continuously presses on individuals of all times. Infertility is a medical and social concern that dawn on almost everybody regardless of the economic and social statuses, age, religion, color, and race. As far as medical science is concerned, infertility is a disease that affects the reproductive system. Infertility on either of the parties can cause a severe trauma to both the psychological and emotional well-beings of both the male and the female partner.Couples feel all the happier when the news of pregnancy hits them. They feel almost complete by the mere thought that their beloved child is on the way. The husbands somewhat become more careful and more loving to their wives. On the other hand, the expectant mothers are more health-conscious as they do want to secure that their baby will be healthy. The moment of truth now lies in the couple's capacity to conceive. Both partners may seem normal and health-wise. But there are still millions of cases when fertility seems to be far within reach of plenty of married individuals.Some women are blessed with the gift of getting pregnant hassle-free while there are those who face traumas and a lot other difficulties to conceive. Women who don't easily get pregnant must face the fact that there are a lot of factors which may bring about a difficulty in their fertility. Among the many reasons are one's physical condition, age, and stress.Are you experiencing various difficulties in getting pregnant? Have you tried all methods but still your efforts are for nothing? It may have been several years since you've tried conceiving but then there is no positive result that greets both of you. Now you should come to terms with understanding the truth that women are all different. But to make things easy for you, the medical society makes available the necessary tools for you to take the fertility test.Types of Fertility TestThe fertility test allows you to know the very reason as to why you find it hard to get pregnant. You may consult your most trusted fertility specialist for this matter.The Hormone Testing. Various blood tests taken in diverse times are required for the hormone testing. The test is chiefly for the detection of the normal production of hormone. The test hence evaluates the quantity of progesterone you possess and if you will be able to sustain a pregnancy. One of the blood tests done is to verify your prolactin level. It is the hormone that produces the breast milk. Another test is to examine how your thyroid functions.The Ovulation Test. For this process, your gynecologist will be looking into the regularity of your menstrual cycle. The tool to be used is called the ovulation prediction kit.The Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Cultures. This test is performed in order to detect the possible presence of these viruses which are possible causes of infertility. They can be prevented but then its detection is difficult.The Sperm Analysis. The test is conducted to your partner to see the quality and count of the sperm.The fertility test is one way which helps your doctor detect where the problem lies. Getting pregnant may be possible when the mistake in your body system is corrected.

Ovarian Cancer � Don't Ignore the Warning Signs

Around 1.5 percent of women are likely to develop ovarian cancer at some stage of their life. It is less common than breast cancer but is considered as the most serious and fatal of all gynecological cancers.

The reason for this is that the cancer is usually advanced before it is diagnosed, making treatment difficult. The ovaries cannot be easily examined and, because the warning signs are unclear, late diagnosis is common.

Because of the lack of screening tests available, it is imperative to know the early symptoms and the possible risk factors.

Understanding ovarian cancer

The ovaries are two small organs that are a part of the female reproductive system and they are situated each side of the uterus. These ovaries contain germ cells that become eggs which are released when the woman menstruates.

They also produce estrogen and progesterone, the hormones that adjust the menstrual cycle and have an effect on the growth of breasts and body hair as well as affecting the development of the female body shape.

What types of tumors are there?

This normally happens in an organised manner but occasionally they grow abnormally and form a growth that we know as a tumor.

This tumor may be benign or it may be malignant. If it is benign, it is not cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body. A malignant tumor, on the other hand, is cancerous and will often spread, making mestastases or secondary cancers.

Ovarian cancer is malignant and can occur in either one or both of the ovaries. There are three main groups that are related to the cells where the cancer starts.

Epithelial ovarian cancer, as its name implies, grows in the epithelium which is the surface of the ovary. It is the most common and accounts for around 90 percent of ovarian cancer. It mainly affects post menopausal women.

Another kind of epithelial tumor is a borderline tumor which grows much more slowly than its regular counterpart. These can normally be removed successfully even if diagnosed at an advanced stage.

There is a very rare form of ovarian cancer called germ cell ovarian cancer that starts in the cells that develop into eggs. This only accounts for about 5 percent of ovarian cancers and usually occurs only in women under 30.

The other five percent of ovarian cancers are generally sex-chord stromal cell ovarian cancer that affects the ovary cells responsible for female hormones. It can affect women of all ages.


Who is at risk of getting ovarian cancer?

The cause of ovarian cancer is unknown but there are some risk factors that have been identified through research. Although having these risk factors may increase your chances of developing ovarian cancer, they do not mean that you will necessarily get the disease. However, knowledge of these risk factors can be helpful. If you are concerned by having any of these risk factors, it is important to talk to your healthcare professional.

Factors that may increase your risk of ovarian cancer include:

Age- Around 90 percent of ovarian cancers affect women over 40.

Cultural background - Caucasian women in western society have higher rates of ovarian cancer than African or Asian women.

Number of pregnancies � Women who have never been pregnant appear to have a higher risk of ovarian cancer.

Family history - Between 5 and 10% of ovarian cancers are genetic. Researchers believe that the genes responsible for breast cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are involved in almost all cases of familial ovarian cancer as well as familial breast cancer. It is also thought that these same damaged genes may be responsible for some endometrial and colon cancers. If you are genetically predisposed to any ovarian, breast, endometrial or colon cancers, you may have an increased risk of getting ovarian cancer.

Infertility and taking fertility drugs � Women who have had fertility drugs may be at a higher risk although infertility itself is a risk factor so this cannot be taken as a clear indication.

Hormone Replacement Therapy � The use of estrogen only HRT which is usually when you have had a hysterectomy, has been identified as a possible risk factor for ovarian cancer, particularly if you have been on this therapy for over ten years.

Lifestyle factors � Obesity is a risk factor associated with ovarian cancer as is a diet that is high in fat.


Can I reduce the risk of ovarian cancer?

Currently, there are no known procedures to prevent or detect early ovarian cancer but there are ways to reduce the risks. Some of these are:

Oral contraceptives - Research has found that the use of oral contraceptives can cut the risk of ovarian cancer by up to 60 percent if taken for a period of five years during your life.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding � Breastfeeding delays ovulation after childbirth and therefore decreases your risk of ovarian cancer. However, there is no guarantee that breastfeeding will stop you from developing ovarian cancer.

Enjoy a low fat diet � A high fat diet has been identified as a risk factor in ovarian cancer. Therefore, it makes sense to stick to a low fat diet with lots of fresh fruit and vegetables.

Tubal ligation or hysterectomy � These operations are only performed with a valid medical reason but it is believed that they both reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.

People with a strong family history of ovarian cancer may opt to speak to a genetic counselor that can assess whether you are at risk of developing the disease. If your family history suggests the damaged genes associated with ovarian, breast, endometrial, or colon cancer, it may be wise to have genetic testing. If these tests show the damaged BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, you may be refe.rred to a gynecological oncologist to consider ways to reduce your risk.

Early symptoms of ovarian cancer

Because there is no screening test available for ovarian cancer, it is recommended that you have a regular pelvic vaginal checkup to see if there are any changes in your ovaries. It is also vital that you consult your healthcare specialist if you notice any possible signs of this illness. Because the symptoms are often common to many other medical conditions, diagnosis of ovarian cancer can be difficult

However, if you have any of the following symptoms that are unusual for you and that persist for more than a week, see your doctor without delay.

Some symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:

Stomach discomfort of pain in the pelvic area

Persistent nausea or wind.

Feeling constantly bloated or �full'.

Unexplained weight gain.

Loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss

Bowel changes

Frequency or urgency in urination

Lethargy.

Pain during intercourse.

Unexplained vaginal bleeding.

Sometimes, ovarian cancers are wrongly diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome or menopause so if you are concerned, ask to be referred to a gynecological oncologist who can order tests to rule out ovarian cancer. It is rare that these symptoms will be ovarian cancer but if it is, early detection gives an excellent chance of survival.


Diagnosing ovarian cancer

If your doctor suspects ovarian cancer, you will be referred to a gynecological oncologist who will organize tests which may include any or all of the following:

An internal pelvic examination.

Blood tests

Chest and stomach x-rays.

A barium enema to rule out bowel problems

Ultrasound scans

If the results show a likelihood of ovarian cancer, you will be recommended to have an operation to confirm the diagnosis (none of the abovementioned tests can be sure). During the operation, if the surgeon finds ovarian cancer, they will normally remove the cancer as well as the ovaries.

It is important to understand before the surgery that this may happen so learn all you can about your illness and the outcomes before the operation.


Anne Wolski has worked in the health and welfare industry for more than 30 years. She is a co-director of http://www.magnetic-health-online.com and http://www.betterhealthshoppe.com which are both information portals with many interesting medical articles. She is also an associate of http://www.timzbiz.com which features many articles on internet marketing and resources.

Successful Breastfeeding - Prepare Yourself!

"I'm going to breastfeed", is a common refrain amongst pregnant women. But what many women don't do is to prepare for breastfeeding beforehand. They simply make the statement and then put it to the back of their minds. The next time the issue arises is often in the delivery suite when the new mum has just gone through the ordeal of childbirth.

When presented with her newborn, the new mum may be exhausted and the last thing she wants is to have anyone else poking at her. The result? All her good intentions to breastfeed become overshadowed when a bottle is produced and the exhausted mum is told that she can try to give a breastfeed later on in the day!

To stand the best chance of successfully breastfeeding, pregnant women need to prepare during their pregnancy. Successful breastfeeding results from careful planning. And the most important way to successfully breastfeed is to give the newborn baby a breastfeed within half an hour of her birth! Not later on!

Being committed to breastfeeding, but not placing too much pressure on oneself, can work wonders! If a new mum pressurises herself she is likely to end up feeling stressed and, as a result, will be more like to give up breastfeeding early. Having a new baby is stressful enough! By preparing to breastfeed whilst you are still pregnant, you will feel more relaxed about it when the baby is born.

The following will certainly aid you in your breastfeeding experience:

Join a Breastfeeding Support Group to chat to new and experienced breastfeeding mums. Ask questions about breastfeeding and enquire if you can watch some babies being offered the breast.

Observe how each baby is put on the breast.

Look at how different mums hold their babies. Getting the right position is essential to avoid early problems.

Also ask for advice about breastfeeding friendly shops and changing facilities!

Read books, magazines or online articles, to find out as much as you can about breastfeeding successfully.

Get measured for a nursing bra when you are around 38 weeks pregnant. Many baby stores now offer this service. Try a few different styles to find one that is comfortable. Also purchase a couple of night-time nursing bras.

Nursing pads are essential for absorbing leaks and avoiding embarrassing stains!

Nursing shells can be very useful on nights out, as they will catch leaks. Or you can use them during breastfeeding to collect milk from the breast not being used, storing the milk for later use.

Nipple Creams can help soothe sore nipples.

Front-opening or Nursing Nightdresses or Pyjamas can make it easier to breastfeed at night.

Loose- fitting tops can be comfortable during the day. Try layering so that your back is not exposed when you are feeding. Or use a poncho or wrap if you feel anxious about breastfeeding in front of other people.

A Breast-pump is a fantastic investment as it can be used to collect milk for bottle feeds, making up first solids or when you are away from the baby to prevent engorgement or ease mastitis. Ask other mums to recommend one they liked.

A V-shaped Cushion can make breastfeeding more comfortable as it offers good support for mums back. Or a Nursing Pillow can be used to raise the baby up to a more comfortable height for mum.

A Steriliser is a compact way to keep baby utensils and breast-pump attachments clean and sterile.
Some mums find a Gliding chair very useful, particularly for night feeds.

If you are well prepared for breastfeeding there is no reason why you should not succeed.

Breast-milk is nature's diet for babies; perfectly balanced for a great start to life.

Breast Enhancement Pills

The point of this article is to help you to the next level and show you what this amazing subject has to offer.

Having small or drooping breasts can be a spring of disappointment or even shame for many women. solo women regularly feel that dating and verdict a mate are greatly more tiring because of their unimpressive breast dimension and shape. Married women may grow concerned that their husbands are displeased with their breasts, moreover because of their small size, or because of their drooping shape. Breasts sag with age, and regularly sag after breast feeding ends and milk production dries up.

During pregnancy, even small-breasted women gain stiffness and dimension to their breasts. If they breast feed, this trend will continue awaiting the baby is weaned. This increase in dimension and stiffness can be very exciting for the woman, as well as her delighted husband. Their disappointment once her breasts "deflate" after weaning is regularly great. Her new, depressed shape can be a spring of farthest embarrassment and disappointment for such a woman. Her confidence is shaken.

Many sensible, sensible women would never deem breast augmentation surgery. Surgery is expensive, hazardous and flawed. So many women who tolerate breast augmentation end up with very fake looking breasts, due to capsular contraction. Even if a lady simply goes from an A cup to a B or C cup, capsular contraction can make her bigger breasts look hard and fake.

As you continue to read this article, pay special attention to how parts 1 and 2 relate to one another.

The smartest choice for down-to-earth women who longing larger or firmer breasts are breast enhancement pills. There are many such pills on the market. The best of them use phytoestrogen (non-hormonal hide estrogen) to spur puberty-like increase in the woman's breasts. This increase is brought about because the birth hide estrogen stimulates the woman's prostaglandins, which in fork stimulate the glands in her breasts to grow.

Having this information handy will help you a great deal the next time you find yourself in need of it.

Pueraria Mirifica Pills KWAOTIP THAI FDA. G. 187/42

Kwaotip is a premuim grade Thai traditional herbal formula resulting mainly from White Kwaotip Krua (Pueraria Mirifica). After many time of explore from Dr. Wichai Cherdshewasart, the studies indicated that this basil shows estrogenic and rejuvenate property to the female body especially at the breast, hip, facial skin, body skin, wool and vaginal epithelium. therefore elevate the appearance of the female secondary sexual characteristics and also the skin beauty.

ALL tangible Dietary Supplement

Hight Phytoestrogen (especially isoflavonet):

*Increases sensitivity and vitality

*Promotes soft shiny wool ,keeps wool pattem bone calcium accumulation

*Enhances breast and skin appearance

*Serves as a anti-wrinkle agent

*Enhances tangible and mental ability

*Serves as a fountain of youth

Ingredients: Pueraria Mirifica and other herbs (60 capsules per box)

Recommended Dosage: Take 2 capsules after breakfast and dinner.

Precautions: - Not for women under 20 time old.

- Women with developing sore at the ovary, breast, and uterus.

- Pregnant women and breast feeking mother should prevent winning this product.

- Women who are winning birth dominate pill should not take this product.

Lower Back Pain

Lower back pain

One of the most common problems of the elderly is that of lower back pain. This does not mean, however, that lower back pain or lumbago is not common in other age groups as well. Fortunately, it often subsides within a short time with little or no treatment.

Because the lumbar region of the back (the small of the back) undergoes considerable stress when a person twists or lifts, it can become sprained quite easily. The pain produced by lumbago or lower back pain makes movement painful and sufferers are generally unable to work during these episodes. The majority of sufferers recover in a week or two and require little or no medical treatment. Often, rest is all that is needed.

Causes

Although lower back pain is usually caused by a back condition, it can also be caused through other medical conditions.

A very common cause of lower back pain is that of muscle injury. This is usually brought about by stress which is normally the result of bending incorrectly or lifting while carrying excess weight. This type of back sprain is characterized by pain and stiffness that is evident within a few hours of the injury. It generally subsides within a day or two although more severe strains may last longer.

Some recurrent backaches are caused by inflammatory conditions such as osteoporosis. This condition is caused by the degeneration of the joint in the backbone through wear and tear and is often more painful in the morning. Another painful and persistent inflammatory condition that causes persistent lower back pain is called ankylosing spondylitis. A slipped or prolapsed disk can also be to blame for the discomfort of back pain.

Severe lower back pain can also be caused by a crush fracture which can result from a fall or other injury. A crush fracture happens when a vertebra collapses. Other medical causes are mestastases or secondary deposits of cancer and also spinal bone tumours.

Osteoporosis, a common condition of the elderly, weakens the bones and makes the pain of arthritis even more unbearable. It is caused by a reduction in the calcium content of the bones. Because the backbone is weakened, compression fractures become more likely and, as a result, there is severe lower back pain.

Another cause of lower back pain can be due to the uterus becoming tipped during childbirth. Kidney infections can also be a cause.

Symptoms



Pain and tenderness on movement usually begins within 2-24 hours of an injury or muscle tear. This can include any sprain or strain of the muscles or ligaments and is usually noticed after lifting heavy objects.

The abovementioned symptoms are similar in the event that a lumbar disk slips or is ruptured. However, in this instance the pain is more severe. The bck muscles go into painful spasms and the simple act of coughing or sneezing also creates pain in the back. Sciatica is different again in that the pain spreads from the back, down the buttock and down the leg.

Osteoporosis and other conditions caused by degenerative joint conditions come on gradually and is long term. The pain is generally mild to moderate but is recurrent over a period of several years

In some conditions such as fibroids which are harmless tumors in the uterus, as well as in the case of large abdominal tumor or pregnancy, the presence of lower back pain is only one of a number of symptoms.

Dangers

It is rare for lower back pain to be considered as dangerous although some untreated symptoms may become dangerous. One such symptom is an untreated disk which may be pressing on the spinal cord. This, if left untreated, could lead to paralysis. Also, lower back pain caused by infection in the spinal vertebrae may be dangerous as could secondary cancer though these conditions in the spinal region are very rare.


Treatment

Most strains and sprains of the back are easily treated and respond well to minimal treatment. Basically, the main treatment is rest by lying flat on a firm surface. Sometimes the use of an infrared lamp or a heat pack can be beneficial as it relaxes the muscles. Also, a gentle but firm massage and the application of liniment on the affected area, will normally give substantial relief. A painkiller such as acetaminophen should be taken. Lifting and carrying of heavy objects should be avoided during the recovery period.

Where there are serious medical causes, such as prolapsed disk, abdominal tumors, or an infection, the treatment is changed according to the condition. Often, in more chronic cases, it may be advisable to wear surgical belts or surgical corsets during the day.

Using proper lifting and carrying techniques can often prevent lower back pain as can the use of swimming and other exercises that strengthen the back muscles. In the elderly, persistent attacks of lower back pain may be a natural part of the aging process and therefore, something that must be accepted.

Most people who suffer from an attack of lower back pain make a total recovery within a week or two and do so with little or no treatment. In the case of a protruding disk, recovery may take several weeks but there is normally no need for surgery.

How to prevent lower back pain

DO
1. Bend the knees and keep the spine straight when lifting or carrying heavy objects
2. Wear sensible and well fitting shoes
3. Whether at home or at work, find a comfortable position from which to work
4. Be careful of twisting and bending when getting in and out of motor vehicles
5. If advised, wear a support brace or corset to support your back

DON'T
1. Lift or carry anything heavy when recovering from lower back pain
2. Overexert your back. Always ask for help if necessary
3. Sleep on a soft bed. A firm mattress is better for your back
4. Twist and stoop to get into motor vehicles
5. Ignore the need for medical help if lower back pain persists



Anne Wolski has worked in the health and welfare industry for more than 30 years. She is a co-director of http://www.magnetic-health-online.com and http://www.betterhealthshoppe.com which are both information portals with many interesting medical articles. She is also an associate of http://www.timzbiz.com which features many articles on internet marketing and resources.

Your Teens and Their Schools

Many students who, for one reason or another, are not succeeding in regular public schools are being sent to alternative placements. In general, students are referred to alternative schools and programs if they are at risk of education failure, as indicated by poor grades, truancy, disruptive behavior, suspension, pregnancy, or similar factors associated with early withdrawal from school.


Hanging out after school ... Kids felt they should be allowed much more freedom once they were in high school. To some extent, they have been allowed it. By 9th grade, they could get around on their own, and they had activities they wanted to do with friends, like playing basketball and skateboarding. I think socializing is as important as homework, so it is OK with me, as long as they are home by 6, but they have to tell their parents where they are going to be, or leave a message if there are last-minute plans.


"Private schools are elitist."
"Private schools are for kids from rich families' only."
"There's terrible pressure on private students to perform academically."

Now let's get busy debunking these widely held views. "Private schools are elitist."
If a teen is struggling in school with their academic's, this could be either a learning disability that has not been diagnosed or your child is having some emotions that are distracting them from school. This can evolve from many sources including problems at home, a problem with a friend, or even an issue that they have been suppressing. Mood disorders such as depression, dysthymia, and bipolar disorders are major risk factors for suicide among children and adolescents. Although many murderers of teens below age 18 are teens themselves, two-thirds are age eighteen or older.4 Gang violence has been associated with many teen murders.

Gangs in Schools: Gang culture among young people, in itself, is nothing new. Indeed, youth gangs have been a major part of the urban cultural landscape. In the late twentieth century United States, however, gangs have taken on a different character and have moved into areas unimagined by Dickens. Most significantly, they are spreading from inner cities to "edge cities"--cities at the outskirts of large urban centers--and to suburbs; indeed, while gang activity has been stabilizing in urban areas, it has increased significantly elsewhere. Gang members often display their membership through distinctive styles of dress--their "colors"--and through specific activities and patterns of behavior. Gangs almost universally show strong loyalty to their neighborhood, often marking out their territory with graffiti. All of these representations can be visible in the schools.

Finally, gangs can spread unexpectedly from school to school as students transfer from gang-impacted schools to gang-free schools, causing an unintentional spillover of gang activity in the new school.

Why Gangs Develop and Why Students Join Them?

Gangs take root in schools for many reasons, but the primary attraction of gangs is their ability to respond to student needs that are not otherwise being met; they often provide youth with a sense of family and acceptance otherwise lacking in their lives.The strange logic of the modern media's attack on adolescents is nowhere stranger than its portrayal of "teen" sexuality. When a child is born to a father over age 20 and a teenage mother (which happened 350,000 times last year), the phenomenon is called "children having children." When an adult pays a teenager for sex, it is "teenage prostitution."
Looking for residential schools for out-of-control teenage daughter

You are in the process of looking for a boarding school for your out-of-control teenage daughter. You need something that addresses both emotional growth and academic growth. I don't want a lock-down situation, but hopefully something that's isolated enough that it accomplishes the same purpose.Residential school for teen with emotional problems If you are looking for a residential school for your teenaged son who, while very bright, has severe emotional problems. They have exhausted all local options and feel that a therapeutic/residential program may be the best option now.

Go to:-

http://www.abundantlifeacademy.com/

http://www.troubledteens4jesus.com

http://www.troubledteenministries.com

Abundantlifeacademy is a school for troubled teens that have a great deal of academic potential and a good heart, yet they are currently off track, lost, and wandering in the desert (selfish, ungrateful, and lazy)... in need of immediate infusion of God's precious Spirit and a restored relationship with Jesus Christ (selfless, thankful, and motivated to excel). It is a powerful Christian boarding school for unmotivated gifted teens who are off track,hanging out with the wrong crowd, and acting entitled.

Troubled Youth - Strategies to work with Shyness and Withdrawal

6th June 2006 , Which teenagers are at high risk for such behaviors as drug/alcohol use, dropping out of school, pregnancy, violence, depression, or suicide? One of the difficulties parents face is how to recognize the more subtle indicators of such behavioral problems and when and how to intervene. "Troubled Youth" - just what does this phrase refer to?

Every teen, no matter how perfect they may be, undergoes a troubling phase in there young adventurous life. This is an expected adolescent behavior, but should not be and excuse for defiant behavior.

In this article we will briefly discuss what a parent can do, both at home, and outside treatment to help a troubled teen. If your teen is becoming more defiant, you first ned to take a look at the rules you have laid down for him/her, and consider revising. The most common mistake parents make, isn't the making of the rules, it is the enforcing of the rules they make.

Secondly, you as parents should realize that teens are going to make mistakes. You don't have to be mad at them, rather be disappointed in them.
Strategies to work with Shyness and Withdrawal:

Teen Treatment Goals:

Preparing for Action�Support, even embrace your teen's awkwardness as a step toward mastery.

Changing Thinking�Positive vs. negative self-appraisals along with a generally optimistic outlook can do wonders.

Adolescents may find it harder to break out of withdrawn behavior than an adult because they haven't developed broad, adaptive coping skills.
Parenting Strategies and Techniques: As a teenager works on establishing their own identity there can be role confusion and independence may falter. Don't "freak out" at adolescent angst because by maintaining faith and hope, parents will some day enjoy the benefits of developmental maturity.

What truly defines a troubled teen, and when does a parent really need to seek intervention? Many parents find themselves comparing their child to other children. Parents will do best if they look at their individual situation and decide for themselves if the teenager is on a self-destructive path.

If you have trouble managing your anxiety of the future, then go to: http://www.abundantlifeacademy.com/
http://www.troubledteens4jesus.com
http://www.troubledteenministries.com

They can be of great help. Abundantlifeacademy Group's schools and programs excel at finding an individualized plan for troubled children and teens. Their purpose is to introduce, or re-introduce, their students to the Holy Spirit. Abundant Life Academy is a Christian leadership school designed for the gifted, yet unmotivated student who is fixated on feeding his/her fleshly desires.

Smoker's life insurance � Smoking can kill your wallet

When insurance brokers look out into the world they see two types of prospective customers. Every individual person fits into one of the two categories. They are either smokers or non-smokers.

Someone who occasionally smokes socially and someone who smokes everyday can end up in the same insurance category. He will pay even more if he smokes more than 20 cigarettes a day. Often premium rates for smokers can be up to three times the rate non-smokers pay. This is because insurance companies believe that smoking amplifies the risk of untimely death.

The financial penalties of smoking extend far past the price of a pack of cigarettes. In addition to the nickel-and-dime of a pack of smokes every time he runs out, the smoker endures costly consequences to lighting up.

Homes and vehicles that retain the stench of cigarette smoke lose resale value. Smokers can also be penalized when shopping for a new home because insurance companies believe smokers are more likely to burn down the house.

Smokers will also pay more for health insurance, dry cleaning and yearly teeth cleaning appointments. All of these costs add up quickly to put a hefty dent in a smoker's wallet.

It isn't simply what a smoker pays in extra an expense that reduces funds, but being paid less in the first place can cause his bank account to suffer as well. Studies have shown that smokers earn up to 11 percent less than non-smokers. These figures not only take into account time wasted on smoke breaks, but first impressions as well. Smokers may be perceived as less attractive and therefore passed by for jobs.

Insurance costs aren't the only money matters smoker's have to worry about; however, it is a huge issue. A smoker literally burns his money away. That nicotine rush can cost thousands of dollars a year more in insurance premiums.

While saving money on insurance premiums may not persuade him to quit smoking, a smoker may not be conscious of how much the habit is actually costing him. He may even lose his job. There have been several companies in the news recently who have fired employees who smoke simply because they pay more insurance on smokers than non-smokers.

It begs the question, is it worth the cost?

But, the high cost of smoking doesn't necessarily only affect the smoker himself. Documented studies have shown that Americans spend over 60 billion dollars a year treating smoking related illnesses. Women who choose to smoke during pregnancy cost the country another 3 billion dollars a year. It also causes the deaths of 2,500 unborn babies a year and results in low birth weight and life-long complications in countless others.

Fires set by smokers who fall asleep or are otherwise careless with their habit, cost the government 500 million dollars a year. The human cost is great, as fires started by cigarettes take the lives of more than 2,000 people a year.

Smokers with group life insurance push up premiums for smokers in the same pool by 4 billion dollars a year.

Smoking is by far the most prevalent cause of untimely death in the United States today. More than 400,000 people a year pay with their money and their lives to light up a cigarette.

That quick fix can not only be deadly, but greatly reduce quality of life as well. Be it human life, depreciation of property, health factors or jacked-up life insurance premiums, the decision to smoke cigarettes is costly.

Phentermine and Pregnancy - Is Phentermine Safe For Your Baby?

Obesity is the main problem during pregnancy and may lead to diabetes in pregnant women. As per the latest survey carried out by the various research teams, there are no side effects of Phentermine in case of pregnant women if it is taken as per prescribed doses.

But if the doses of Phentermine are consumed in large quantity, there is a risk of abnormal development of foetus, so to reduce these risks, prescribed doses needs to be followed in proper manner under strict vigilance of the doctor. But it is an advice to the pregnant women that they should avoid Phentermine during pregnancy period because it may lead to gestational diabetes. Sometimes Phentermine can cause various withdrawal symptoms in case of pregnant women. To avoid all these side effects, Phentermine should be stopped before start of pregnancy stage and doctor needs to be consulted for more information about Phentermine.

In case of breast-feeding mothers, Phentermine is to be avoided, so that the newborn baby is safeguarded from various side effects. As Phentermine is from the family of sympathomimetic amines and it is almost similar to the Adipex-P, pregnant women should avoid taking Phentermine. This may lead to an addiction if the doses of Phentermine are taken in large quantities. If doctor permits you to go ahead with Phentermine during pregnancy period, you should gradually reduce the dose to avoid the symptoms of withdrawal. Before opting for Phentermine, please go through the instructions and quantity of doses written on the leaflet. Do not follow self-medication practice, it may result in abnormalities.

Along with above stated abnormalities, there are various side effects of Phentermine during pregnancy period and they are as follows.
� Phentermine may lead to allergic reactions during pregnancy stage.
� You may feel abnormality in breathing.
� Throat choking in pregnant women is a common side effect of the Phentermine.
� It might lead in swelling of lips and face.
� Phentermine may lead to risk of abnormal babies.
� Phentermine may cause abnormal heartbeats and the risk of high blood pressure.
� Headache and the dizziness occur in case of pregnant women due to Phentermine.
� Diarrhea and constipation are other minor side effects of the Phentermine, in case of pregnancy.
� The common and minor side effects in pregnancy are soar throat, confusion, anxiety, insomnia and the abnormal taste.
� There is also a risk of impotency due to the Phentermine.

Basically Phentermine is a type of medication that is used for reducing the appetite and obesity as it simulates the nervous systems in case of pregnant cases.

In general, Phentermine is not recommended for pregnant women as losing weight may lead to under-weight babies or with abnormality such as neural defect in which the spinal has abnormality. In case of such problems, it is better to get examined to have a healthy baby. The examinations or tests recommended by the doctor are ultrasound examination, which enables to check the physical behavior of the baby in mothers' womb. Even this ultrasound can provide complete details of the head and the spinal cord of the baby. In such cases Phentermine should be stopped immediately.

Women who breast-feed their babies should also avoid taking Phentermine as the contents may pass on to the baby through the milk and may affect the health of baby. Tremors and agitation may occur in baby due to breast milk because the main function of Phentermine is to stimulate the central nervous system and that may lead to side effects. Before breast-feeding, mothers who plan to take the dose of Phentermine, should consult with the doctor.

All of the above information regarding side effects and disorders during pregnancy is only a guideline and not to be treated as authority for the Phentermine users. Readers are advised to discuss the issues with their doctor before opting for Phentermine.